What you're looking to do is supported in a way with Dialogflow, but not directly. There is a thing known as Follow-up intents. These will only run when a user is currently in an intent. Like if you're looking for confirmation, you may create a primary intent when a follow-up intent that matches yes or no. This uses contexts.
In Dialogflow, you'd probably create a primary intent that matches all of the possible queries. Then you can respond with a set of possible matched intents.
Weather Intent
- "What is the weather"
- "Is it going to rain"
- "Will it be sunny tomorrow"
Then you can respond with your possible follow-up intents.
- "Do you want weather today, tomorrow, or next week
You'd create three follow-up intents with their own phrases that will only match if the user just entered the original intent.
Weather Today Intent
You can respond with something specifically for this.
Keep in mind that Dialogflow's machine learning is designed so that you don't have this ambiguity issue. Users should ideally just enter the text and it should be correctly matched. If you're facing ambiguity problems you can add additional training phrases for each intent.
You can also help guide users through conversation using quick replies.