There is a difference, although subtle, between R Markdown, and R Notebooks, which are a type of document written in R Markdown. See this explanation from RStudio for more info. In particular:
Ordinary R Markdown documents are “knit”, but notebooks are “previewed”. While the notebook preview looks similar to a rendered R Markdown document, the notebook preview does not execute any of your R code chunks; it simply shows you a rendered copy of the markdown in your document along with the most recent chunk output.
This means that if you have large chunks for which you only run, say, the second half as you iterate on your code, likely because the first half does some object creation or reading in data and so doesn't need to be repeated, it will not show up when you "Preview". To guarantee that everything displays, you can either "Knit" your document (I wouldn't do this) or simply go to "Run" dropdown in the top right of the editor and select "Restart R and run all chunks."