Today, you can add the due date column on a query and see the results.

However, what you want to achieve it's not able through the build-in query for now. As you said, the value could only be an integer. And you need to manually type the integer. TFS will not automatically capture the Customoffset
value from fields and calculate the date.
Even though we do not have an out of the box way to do this, but I believe this could be achieved relatively easily in a extension. Through the API you could easily fetch the value of a specially filed, and use WIQL to generate a query, pass the value to the query, finally will get the result as your need.