I don't believe it is possible to use a URL there.
I don't know much about C++, but have a quick look at Mapnik's source code here:
In map_parser::parse_point_symbolizer
(line 950 in load_map.cpp) the symbolizer file name is checked with ensure_exists(filename)
(line 1661). That function calls mapnik::util::exists
.
mapnik::util::exists
then calls boost::filesystem::exists
(lines 41ff in fs.cpp).
The Boost Filesystem documentation doesn't mention URLs or HTTP calls anywhere, it is used only for files and paths on the local file system.
I haven't looked at other parts of the code much, but at least in the part where the file path is checked, an URL would cause an error.