The basic answer, is no. JavaScript (and therefore JQuery) run on the client browser. This means, that they cannot access files on the server. Not only that, but they are not allowed to access files on the client computer to improve security. If JavaScript was allowed to, a single website could literally destroy you're computer by deleting files. Or, it could read files and steal personal information.
Your best option is to use PHP. You could also use NodeJS as your backend with the Express Web Framework. NodeJS allows you to run JavaScript on the server to both serve pages and interact with files and/or databases.
If you'd like to store data on the client [browser], use cookies, or see the more intuitive Web Storage API.