As Roberto says, a hash is one way to do this, with a small possibility of two different strings hashing to the same value. That probability depends on the maximum size of string you allow and the bit-size of the resulting hash number.
You could also use an encryption, but then you would have to limit the string size to one or two blocks of a block cipher. Two blocks of AES is 32 characters, and will produce a 256 bit number.
Pick the smallest string size you can live with, and the largest hash size/block size you can work with. A non-cryptographic hash like the fnv hash will be faster than a cryptographic hash like SHA-256, but obviously less secure. You do not say how important security is to you.