I tested the .NET SDK code from the /MIchaelMainer/working branch, and it worked fine for work accounts.
However, it fails ("Authentication failed") for personal accounts (even small files).
The documentation about resumable uploads doesn't say anything about this being a work accounts feature only.
Perhaps it is? Or is there a bug? If it is a bug, I don't see in the code where it could be, because the single difference is the account type.
(related: https://github.com/microsoftgraph/msgraph-sdk-dotnet/issues/61)