First make sure that you can use php
on your command line. You can run:
php -v
This should give you the php version. If not, add the php executable to your windows path file (https://stackoverflow.com/a/7307581/1354222).
Run this in your bash window, in the laravel folder, to get the latest composer version (installation instructions are from the composer website):
php -r "copy('https://getcomposer.org/installer', 'composer-setup.php');"
php -r "if (hash_file('SHA384', 'composer-setup.php') === 'aa96f26c2b67226a324c27919f1eb05f21c248b987e6195cad9690d5c1ff713d53020a02ac8c217dbf90a7eacc9d141d') { echo 'Installer verified'; } else { echo 'Installer corrupt'; unlink('composer-setup.php'); } echo PHP_EOL;"
php composer-setup.php
php -r "unlink('composer-setup.php');"
Then use the following command to install laravel (from the laravel website, slightly adapted for your situation):
php composer.phar create-project --prefer-dist laravel/laravel blog