I've experimented a lot with the settings in the Particle Emitter editor, but none of them seem to allow me to actually make the particles completely opaque. I've also tried editing it in the actual code:
if let explosion = SKEmitterNode(fileNamed: "ToothExplosion") {
explosion.particleColor = SKColor.whiteColor()
explosion.particleColorBlendFactor = 1.0;
explosion.particleColorSequence = nil;
explosion.position = contactPoint
addChild(explosion)
}