Each of the symbols is for a specific type of file. If you haven't seen them, it's probably because you don't have any files of that type. The man page for ls
should say what each of them means. But, in case you can't read yours for some reason, here's what mine says:
-F Display a slash (`/') immediately after each pathname that is a
directory, an asterisk (`*') after each that is executable, an at
sign (`@') after each symbolic link, a percent sign (`%') after
each whiteout, an equal sign (`=') after each socket, and a
vertical bar (`|') after each that is a FIFO.
Mine seems to use some characters yours doesn't and not use some that yours does. So, to resolve the others you need to read the man page that refers to your version.