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How can Jailing and Backoff be used to demotivate online dictionary attack in an authentication system?

StephenG
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Dictionary attacks means Trial-and-error from a list of potential passwords. Jailing and Backoff helps to slow down these attacks.

Jailing - Allow in, but restrict activities. It has interesting connections with access control. Backoff - The most common form is the exponential backoff.

Let x be a parameter selected by the administrator; the system waits x^0 = 1 second before re prompting the user, after n failures the system waits x^(n-1) seconds.