The differences between those two plotting functions is the informational function behind each one.
The pollutionRose is a wrapper around the windRose functions and its MAIN intent is to elucidate the effect of wind DIRECTION on the dispersion of a specific pollutant. It has the features of both the radiating 'blades' length and the evolving color to show the contribution of pollution due to wind from a given direction.
The polarPlot is bivariate. It is designed to illuminate the effect of both wind SPEED and wind DIRECTION on the movement of air pollution. This plot shows a continuous series of tones that reflect the mean concentrations by changing hue. The color and intensity at a given location on the plot reflects the concentration. This type of plot can also accomodate other features such a temperature or pressure.
In a super simple summary:
pollutionRose illustrates the proportion of contribution based on wind direction (how much of the pollution comes from a given wind direction)
polarPlot illustrates the localized concentration mean based on wind direction and speed (how much is present at a specific regions of the plot based on the wind direction and speed and other factors)
So you should pick based on what you are trying to show.