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I am developing an ncurses application myself in C. The problem is that putty displays alternative character set characters like ACS_VLINE as letters. My locale is

LANG=en_US.UTF-8

and I have set 

export NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS=1

I have also set putty to UTF-8 and tried different fonts. The characters display fine on the tty on the actual machine so I think the issue is with putty. I have also tried linking ncursesw instead of ncurses.

Thomas Dickey
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Will
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2 Answers2

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It is a combination of things. The recommended TERM for PuTTY is "putty", but due to inertia, most people use "xterm". The line-drawing support in the xterm terminal description is different from PuTTY's assumptions because xterm supports luit, which has some limitations with the way the alternate character set is managed (see Debian Bug report #254316: ncurses-base: workaround for screen's handling of register sgr0 isn't quite right).

If you use infocmp to compare, you may see these lines which deal with the alternate character set:

    acsc: '``aaffggiijjkkllmmnnooppqqrrssttuuvvwwxxyyzz{{||}}~~', '``aaffggjjkkllmmnnooppqqrrssttuuvvwwxxyyzz{{||}}~~'.
    enacs: NULL, '\E(B\E)0'.
    rmacs: '\E(B', '^O'.
    smacs: '\E(0', '^N'.

VT100s can have two character sets "designated", referred to as G0 and G1:

  • The "xterm" line-drawing works by changing the designation of G0 between the ASCII and line-drawing characters,
  • the "putty" line-drawing works by designating ASCII in G0 and line-drawing in G1 and switching between the two with the shift-in/shift-out control characters.

Although both are VT100-compatible, the xterm scheme does not work with PuTTY. Because of the tie-in with luit, the normal terminal description for xterm will not change (unless it proves possible to modify luit to solve the problem for its users), so a workaround is needed for users of PuTTY:

  • use a different terminal description as recommended, e.g., TERM=putty. PuTTY's settings dialog lets you set environment variables to pass to the remote machine.

    This has the drawback that some systems do not have the full ncurses terminal database installed, due to "size" (it is 6.8Mb on my local machine). Also, TERM may not be on the list of allowed ssh environment variables.

  • you can compile your own terminfo entry with ncurses' tic, e.g.,

    cat >foo <<"EOF" xterm|my terminfo entry, enacs=\E(B\E)0, rmacs=^O, smacs=^N, use=xterm-new, EOF tic foo

  • use GNU screen. It does its own fixes, and happens to compensate for PuTTY's problems.

Further reading

Community
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Thomas Dickey
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6

I want to make some additions. I faced same issue: many ncurses-based tools like dialog, menuconfig and nconfig from Linux kenrel sources, even mc is broken when built with ncurses (although mc is built using Slang on many OSes and not affected).

Here is what happened

ncurses uses smacs record from terminfo to switch to "alternative charset" and then it uses acsc to draw boxes. It sends a which is box-drawing character in alternative charset (ACS). This is VT100 graphics.

Some terminal emulators nowadays do not support ACS when in UTF-8 because apps have ability to send real box-drawing codepoints.

There is unofficial capability U8 (capital U!) in terminfo that tells ncurses: "Instead of ACS use real box-drawing codepoints."

I have this capability infocmp -x xterm-utf and for putty aswell, but not for xterm.

As you can read in ncurses(3) (https://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/ncurses.3x.html), ncurses is aware of Linux console and GNU screen (and tmux, which also uses screen as TERM) and always behave like if U8 were set.

For other terminals that do not support ACS when in UTF, you can set NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS.

Unfortunatelly, ncurses is not aware of putty.

There is also luit that may convert ACS to Unicode points.

So, here is what we can do to run ncurses + putty in UTF-8:

  • Use terminal with U8#1 capability. This one is set for putty (btw, I suggest to use putty-256color instead). You can create your own entry with U8#1 and colors#256 and compile it with tic -x. Be carefull that mouse may not work on terminals that do not start with xterm (see mouseinterval(3), BUGS section). This is why I do not use putty terminal. I suggest to copy xterm-utf8, add colors#256, compile and stay with it: it works perfectly with putty, mouse and utf8.

  • You can set NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS in your profile.

  • You can run screen or tmux: it will set TERM to screen and fix ncurses

  • You can run luit: it will do all convertions for you.

  • Since putty 0.71 you can ask putty to support ACS drawings even in UTF-8

    Since putty 0.71 you can ask putty to support ACS drawings even in UTF-8

user996142
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