No, this is not possible with the MATLAB API. There are two MATLAB API's: the CPLEX for MATLAB Toolbox and the Cplex class. The corresponding functions/field in each would be cplexmiqp and Cplex.Model.Q. Neither of those allow you to do exactly what you're asking for.
However (I was not previously aware of this), the MATLAB API does accept a single sparse matrix for the Q matrix (see also the MATLAB API programming tips section).
For example, these two examples are interchangeable:
cplex.Model.Q = [-33 6 0 0;
6 -22 11.5 0;
0 11.5 -11 0;
0 0 0 0];
or, using a sparse matrix:
cplex.Model.Q = sparse([1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3], [1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3], [-33, 6, 6, -22, 11.5, 11.5, -11], 4, 4)
This is more explicit with the other API's (e.g., C Callable Library, C++, Python, etc.). If you are interested, the examples that are shipped with CPLEX demonstrate how that is done.