The best idea is to reduce your data in the model through aggregation (with Power Query - Group By) or split the data into different workbooks (one workbook for each year for example).
Doing so will reduce the memory/cpu needed for calculations and your workbook hopefully won't crash...
Otherwise...
You can set calculation within Power Pivot to be Manual Mode (Design Ribbon > Calculation Options). With that you can build up your measures etc. without Power Pivot / Excel calculating them on each change.
If you've got a lot of big Pivot Tables that are refreshing after changing a measure, this can cause Excel to crash. Install the OLAP PivotTable Tool extension (http://olappivottableextend.codeplex.com/) - this allows you to disable the auto refresh which happens on Pivot Tables whenever you change something within Power Pivot.
Edit:
Powerpivot lets you cancel a calculation being made in a calculated field. Once you hit enter upon changing the formula, you can use the Esc key to stop the calculation.
The same is not possible in measures.
From your comments I would think that there's something else wrong with your model though and would recommend checking that first... 100k rows should be extremely easy for Powerpivot and should not result in 10gb of memory being eaten up.