A Block Cypher such as AES encrypts data a block at a time appending the block of encrypted data to the output. Block sized vary and AES uses a 16-byte block. (RSA is not a block cypher)
Since data is frequently not a multiple go the block size data is added to the end of the data, this is called padding and the most commonly used padding is PKCS#7 née PKCS#5. (As an option see CTR mode below)
Additionally there are modes such as ECB, CBC, CTR and others. ECB (Electric Code Book) is mostly a null mode in that it does nothing. CBC (Cypher Block Chaining) is a mode that includes some data from the previous block and also had an IV so that encryption the same data does not produce the same encrypted data. CTR (Counter) is a streaming mode that does not require padding but has other requirements such as a Nonce.