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Please some one clarify for me to understand Commit Log and its use.

In Cassandra, while writing to Disk is the commit log the first entry point or MemTables.

If Memtables is what is getting flushed to disk, what is the use of Commit log, is the only purpose of commit log is to server sync issues if a data node is down?

psanford
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Satheesh
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2 Answers2

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You can think of the commit log as an optimization, but Cassandra would be unusably slow without it. When MemTables get written to disk we call them SSTables. SSTables are immutable, meaning once Cassandra writes them to disk it does not update them. So when a column changes Cassandra needs to write a new SSTable to disk. If Cassandra was writing these SSTables to disk on every update it would be completely IO bound and very slow.

So Cassandra uses a few tricks to get better performance. Instead of writing SSTables to disk on every column update, it keeps the updates in memory and flushes those changes to disk periodically to keep the IO to a reasonable level. But this leads to the obvious problem that if the machine goes down or Cassandra crashes you would lose data on that node. To avoid losing data, in addition to keeping recent changes in memory, Cassandra writes the changes to its CommitLog.

You may be asking why is writing to the CommitLog any better than just writing the SSTables. The CommitLog is optimized for writing. Unlike SSTables which store rows in sorted order, the CommitLog stores updates in the order which they were processed by Cassandra. The CommitLog also stores changes for all the column families in a single file so the disk doesn't need to do a bunch of seeks when it is receiving updates for multiple column families at the same time.

Basically writting the CommitLog to the disk is better because it has to write less data than writing SSTables does and it writes all that data to a single place on disk.

Cassandra keeps track of what data has been flushed to SSTables and is able to truncate the Commit log once all data older than a certain point has been written.

When Cassandra starts up it has to read the commit log back from that last known good point in time (the point at which we know all previous writes were written to an SSTable). It re-applies the changes in the commit log to its MemTables so it can get into the same state when it stopped. This process can be slow so if you are stopping a Cassandra node for maintenance it is a good idea to use nodetool drain before shutting it down which will flush everything in the MemTables to SSTables and make the amount of work on startup a lot smaller.

Spyros K
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psanford
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  • What's the difference if I use nodetool flush instead of nodetool drain when stopping the node? – Vishal Sharma Feb 13 '18 at 11:43
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    `nodetool flush` just flushes memtables to disk. `nodetool drain` flushes memtables and also stops accepting connections from clients and other nodes. – psanford Feb 13 '18 at 15:57
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    Is the commit log replicated? Otherwise commit logs are single point of failure, right? – Aditya Mar 02 '18 at 10:32
  • Also the commit log is deleted once that part has been added to the SSTable. Otherwise the commit log will keep increasing and eventually the disk would get out of space. – Ankur Kothari Dec 01 '20 at 03:11
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The write path in Cassandra works like this:

Cassandra Node ---->Commitlog-----------------> Memtable
                         |                       |
                         |                       |
                         |---> Periodically      |---> Periodically
                               sync to disk            flush to SSTable

Memtable and Commitlog are NOT written (kind of) in parallel. Write to Commitlog must be finished before starting to write to Memtable. Related source code stack is:

    org.apache.cassandra.service.StorageProxy.mutateMV:mutation.apply->
    org.apache.cassandra.db.Mutation.apply:Keyspace.open(keyspaceName).apply->
    org.apache.cassandra.db.Keyspace.apply->
    org.apache.cassandra.db.Keyspace.applyInternal{
        Tracing.trace("Appending to commitlog");
        commitLogPosition = CommitLog.instance.add(mutation)
        ...
        Tracing.trace("Adding to {} memtable",...
        ...
        upd.metadata().name(...);
        ...
        cfs.apply(...);
        ...
    }

The purpose of the Commitlog is to be able to recreate the Memtable after a node crashes or gets rebooted. This is important, since the Memtable only gets flushed to disk when it's 'full' - meaning the configured Memtable size is exceeded - or the flush is performed by nodetool or opscenter. So the data in Memtable is not persisted directly.

Having said that, a good thing before rebooting a node or container is to call nodetool flush to make sure your Memtables are fully persisted (flushed) to SSTables on disk. This also will reduce playback time of the Commitlog after the node or container comes up again.

mirekphd
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HashtagMarkus
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  • Is the commit log replicated? Otherwise commit logs are single point of failure, right? – Aditya Mar 02 '18 at 10:32
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    Each node has its own commit log. It is not a single point of failure. – psanford Mar 02 '18 at 17:09
  • Is the ack to client made after commitlog and memtable are both updated? If so, then why not do both in parallel? – user2251346 Nov 26 '18 at 02:07
  • @psanford an ack is send when the data is written to the commit log, regardless whetever or not the data is actually in the database thus replicated. What happens if the server with the uncommited commit log to the database crashed, and the ack is already send? – J. Doe Dec 15 '19 at 21:05