Not that I know of. If there was though, I'm sure no one would be using try catch blocks, and it would be a well known process/method. You can, though, debug with android studio.
Only thing I can think of that is similar could be setting a common handler to catch exceptions:
Thread.setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler(new Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler() {
And the method that goes with that annonymous inner class is:
public void uncaughtException(Thread thread, Throwable throwable) {
Where you put your exceptions. I found an example on tutorialspoint.com, and edited a screen shot to make it clearer:

Then, you can notice that we purposely throw that runTimeException
after starting the thread. So, result will be:
Thread[Thread-0,5,main] throws exception: java.lang.RuntimeException