I just need to know how to prompt a message box where the user may provide input.
The difference between the disconnected nature of web development vs. application development. All of your server-side C# code has already finished executing before the web page renders in the browser. So when are you going to call this code? Also, how are you going to pass the data back to the server? A form post? An AJAX call?
I need a input box prompt that asks the user to input a number
You're right in saying that it is more complicated with a web app. In a windows app, whenever you run the C# code, whatever happens, happens at that moment. It's pretty straightforward. However, in a web app, all of the C# runs before the page is even rendered in the browser. Therefore, C# in web forms can't really pop up a window.
In order to get a popup, you'll need to do that with JavaScript. The textbox inside the popup should be an control. You can use the Ajax Control Toolkit if youre most comfortable with .NET controls. If youre comforatble with jQuery, and to post back with AJAX, I recommend the jQuery UI Dialog as the actual pop-up. Then on its close event you can make the AJAX call to the server to post the data. The POPUP that will get user input with particular the modal form