Are object literals Pythonic?

Question

JavaScript has object literals, e.g.

var p = {
  name: "John Smith",
  age:  23
}

and .NET has anonymous types, e.g.

var p = new { Name = "John Smith", Age = 23}; // C#

Something similar can be emulated in Python by (ab)using named arguments:

class literal(object):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        for (k,v) in kwargs.iteritems():
            self.__setattr__(k, v)
    def __repr__(self):
        return 'literal(%s)' % ', '.join('%s = %r' % i for i in sorted(self.__dict__.iteritems()))
    def __str__(self):
        return repr(self)

Usage:

p = literal(name = "John Smith", age = 23)
print p       # prints: literal(age = 23, name = 'John Smith')
print p.name  # prints: John Smith

But is this kind of code considered to be Pythonic?

Answer 1

Why not just use a dictionary?

p = {'name': 'John Smith', 'age': 23}

print p
print p['name']
print p['age']

Answer 2

Have you considered using a named tuple?

Using your dict notation

>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> L = namedtuple('literal', 'name age')(**{'name': 'John Smith', 'age': 23})

or keyword arguments

>>> L = namedtuple('literal', 'name age')(name='John Smith', age=23)
>>> L
literal(name='John Smith', age=23)
>>> L.name
'John Smith'
>>> L.age
23

It is possible to wrap this behaviour into a function easily enough

def literal(**kw):
    return namedtuple('literal', kw)(**kw)

the lambda equivalent would be

literal = lambda **kw: namedtuple('literal', kw)(**kw)

but personally I think it's silly giving names to "anonymous" functions

Answer 3

From ActiveState:

class Bunch:
    def __init__(self, **kwds):
        self.__dict__.update(kwds)

# that's it!  Now, you can create a Bunch
# whenever you want to group a few variables:

point = Bunch(datum=y, squared=y*y, coord=x)

# and of course you can read/write the named
# attributes you just created, add others, del
# some of them, etc, etc:
if point.squared > threshold:
    point.isok = 1

Answer 4

I don't see anything wrong with creating "anonymous" classes/instances. It's often very convienient to create one with simple function call in one line of code. I personally use something like this:

def make_class( *args, **attributes ):
    """With fixed inability of using 'name' and 'bases' attributes ;)"""
    if len(args) == 2:
        name, bases = args
    elif len(args) == 1:
        name, bases = args[0], (object, )
    elif not args:
        name, bases = "AnonymousClass", (object, )
    return type( name, bases, attributes )

obj = make_class( something = "some value" )()
print obj.something

For creating dummy objects it works just fine. Namedtuple is ok, but is immutable, which can be inconvenient at times. And dictionary is... well, a dictionary, but there are situations when you have to pass something with __getattr__ defined, instead of __getitem__.

I don't know whether it's pythonic or not, but it sometimes speeds things up and for me it's good enough reason to use it (sometimes).

Answer 5

I'd say that the solution you implemented looks pretty Pythonic; that being said, types.SimpleNamespace (documented here) already wraps this functionality:

from types import SimpleNamespace
p = SimpleNamespace(name = "John Smith", age = 23)
print(p)

Answer 6

From the Python IAQ:

As of Python 2.3 you can use the syntax

dict(a=1, b=2, c=3, dee=4)

which is good enough as far as I'm concerned. Before Python 2.3 I used the one-line function

def Dict(**dict): return dict

Answer 7

I think object literals make sense in JavaScript for two reasons:

1. In JavaScript, objects are only way to create a “thing” with string-index properties. In Python, as noted in another answer, the dictionary type does that.

2. JavaScript‘s object system is prototype-based. There’s no such thing as a class in JavaScript (although it‘s coming in a future version) — objects have prototype objects instead of classes. Thus it’s natural to create an object “from nothing”, via a literal, because all objects only require the built-in root object as a prototype. In Python, every object has a class — you’re sort of expected to use objects for things where you’d have multiple instances, rather than just for one-offs.

Thus no, object literals aren’t Pythonic, but they are JavaScripthonic.

Answer 8

A simple dictionary should be enough for most cases.

If you are looking for a similar API to the one you indicated for the literal case, you can still use dictionaries and simply override the special __getattr__ function:

class CustomDict(dict):
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        return self[name]

p = CustomDict(user='James', location='Earth')
print p.user
print p.location

Note: Keep in mind though that contrary to namedtuples, fields are not validated and you are in charge of making sure your arguments are sane. Arguments such as p['def'] = 'something' are tolerated inside a dictionary but you will not be able to access them via p.def.