Invariant Violation: Objects are not valid as a React child

Question

In my component's render function I have:

render() {
    const items = ['EN', 'IT', 'FR', 'GR', 'RU'].map((item) => {
      return (<li onClick={this.onItemClick.bind(this, item)} key={item}>{item}</li>);
    });
    return (
      <div>
        ...
                <ul>
                  {items}
                </ul>
         ...
      </div>
    );
  }

everything renders fine, however when clicking the <li> element I receive the following error:

Uncaught Error: Invariant Violation: Objects are not valid as a React child (found: object with keys {dispatchConfig, dispatchMarker, nativeEvent, target, currentTarget, type, eventPhase, bubbles, cancelable, timeStamp, defaultPrevented, isTrusted, view, detail, screenX, screenY, clientX, clientY, ctrlKey, shiftKey, altKey, metaKey, getModifierState, button, buttons, relatedTarget, pageX, pageY, isDefaultPrevented, isPropagationStopped, _dispatchListeners, _dispatchIDs}). If you meant to render a collection of children, use an array instead or wrap the object using createFragment(object) from the React add-ons. Check the render method of Welcome.

If I change to this.onItemClick.bind(this, item) to (e) => onItemClick(e, item) inside the map function everything works as expected.

If someone could explain what I am doing wrong and explain why do I get this error, would be great

UPDATE 1:
onItemClick function is as follows and removing this.setState results in error disappearing.

onItemClick(e, item) {
    this.setState({
      lang: item,
    });
}

But I cannot remove this line as I need to update state of this component

Answer 1

I was having this error and it turned out to be that I was unintentionally including an Object in my JSX code that I had expected to be a string value:

return (
    <BreadcrumbItem href={routeString}>
        {breadcrumbElement}
    </BreadcrumbItem>
)

breadcrumbElement used to be a string but due to a refactor had become an Object. Unfortunately, React's error message didn't do a good job in pointing me to the line where the problem existed. I had to follow my stack trace all the way back up until I recognized the "props" being passed into a component and then I found the offending code.

You'll need to either reference a property of the object that is a string value or convert the Object to a string representation that is desirable. One option might be JSON.stringify if you actually want to see the contents of the Object.

Answer 2

So I got this error when trying to display the createdAt property which is a Date object. If you concatenate .toString() on the end like this, it will do the conversion and eliminate the error. Just posting this as a possible answer in case anyone else ran into the same problem:

{this.props.task.createdAt.toString()}

Answer 3

I just got the same error but due to a different mistake: I used double braces like:

{{count}}

to insert the value of count instead of the correct:

{count}

which the compiler presumably turned into {{count: count}}, i.e. trying to insert an Object as a React child.

Answer 4

Just thought I would add to this as I had the same problem today, turns out that it was because I was returning just the function, when I wrapped it in a <div> tag it started working, as below

renderGallery() {
  const gallerySection = galleries.map((gallery, i) => {
    return (
      <div>
        ...
      </div>
    );
  });
  return (
    {gallerySection}
  );
}

The above caused the error. I fixed the problem by changing the return() section to:

return (
  <div>
    {gallerySection}
  </div>
);

...or simply:

return gallerySection

Answer 5

React child(singular) should be type of primitive data type not object or it could be JSX tag(which is not in our case). Use Proptypes package in development to make sure validation happens.

Just a quick code snippet(JSX) comparision to represent you with idea :

1. Error : With object being passed into child

   <div>
   {/* item is object with user's name and its other details on it */}
    {items.map((item, index) => {
     return <div key={index}>
   --item object invalid as react child--->>>{item}</div>;
    })}
   </div>
   

2. Without error : With object's property(which should be primitive, i.e. a string value or integer value) being passed into child.

   <div>
    {/* item is object with user's name and its other details on it */}
     {items.map((item, index) => {
      return <div key={index}>
   --note the name property is primitive--->{item.name}</div>;
     })}
   </div>
   

TLDR; (From the source below) : Make sure all of the items you're rendering in JSX are primitives and not objects when using React. This error usually happens because a function involved in dispatching an event has been given an unexpected object type (i.e passing an object when you should be passing a string) or part of the JSX in your component is not referencing a primitive (i.e. this.props vs this.props.name).

Source - codingbismuth.com

Answer 6

Mine had to do with forgetting the curly braces around props being sent to a presentational component:

Before:

const TypeAheadInput = (name, options, onChange, value, error) => {

After

const TypeAheadInput = ({name, options, onChange, value, error}) => {

Answer 7

I too was getting this "Objects are not valid as a React child" error and for me the cause was due to calling an asynchronous function in my JSX. See below.

class App extends React.Component {
    showHello = async () => {
        const response = await someAPI.get("/api/endpoint");

        // Even with response ignored in JSX below, this JSX is not immediately returned, 
        // causing "Objects are not valid as a React child" error.
        return (<div>Hello!</div>);
    }

    render() {
        return (
            <div>
                {this.showHello()}
            </div>
        );
    }
}

What I learned is that asynchronous rendering is not supported in React. The React team is working on a solution as documented here.

Answer 8

Mine had to do with unnecessarily putting curly braces around a variable holding a HTML element inside the return statement of the render() function. This made React treat it as an object rather than an element.

render() {
  let element = (
    <div className="some-class">
      <span>Some text</span>
    </div>
  );

  return (
    {element}
  )
}

Once I removed the curly braces from the element, the error was gone, and the element was rendered correctly.

Answer 9

For anybody using Firebase with Android, this only breaks Android. My iOS emulation ignores it.

And as posted by Apoorv Bankey above.

Anything above Firebase V5.0.3, for Android, atm is a bust. Fix:

npm i --save firebase@5.0.3

Confirmed numerous times here https://github.com/firebase/firebase-js-sdk/issues/871

Answer 10

I also have the same problem but my mistake is so stupid. I was trying to access object directly.

class App extends Component {
    state = {
        name:'xyz',
        age:10
    }
    render() {
        return (
            <div className="App">
                // this is what I am using which gives the error
                <p>I am inside the {state}.</p> 

                //Correct Way is

                <p>I am inside the {this.state.name}.</p> 
            </div>
        );
    }                                                                             

}

Answer 11

Typically this pops up because you don't destructure properly. Take this code for example:

const Button = text => <button>{text}</button>

const SomeForm = () => (
  <Button text="Save" />
)

We're declaring it with the = text => param. But really, React is expecting this to be an all-encompassing props object.

So we should really be doing something like this:

const Button = props => <button>{props.text}</button>

const SomeForm = () => (
  <Button text="Save" />
)

Notice the difference? The props param here could be named anything (props is just the convention that matches the nomenclature), React is just expecting an object with keys and vals.

With object destructuring you can do, and will frequently see, something like this:

const Button = ({ text }) => <button>{text}</button>

const SomeForm = () => (
  <Button text="Save" />
)

...which works.

Chances are, anyone stumbling upon this just accidentally declared their component's props param without destructuring.

Answer 12

Just remove the curly braces in the return statement.

Before:

render() {
    var rows = this.props.products.map(product => <tr key={product.id}><td>{product.name}</td><td>{product.price}</td></tr>);
    return {rows}; // unnecessary
}

After:

render() {
    var rows = this.props.products.map(product => <tr key={product.id}><td>{product.name}</td><td>{product.price}</td></tr>);
    return rows; // add this
}

Answer 13

In my case it was i forgot to return a html element frm the render function and i was returning an object . What i did was i just wrapped the {items} with a html element - a simple div like below

<ul>{items}</ul>

Answer 14

I had the same problem because I didn't put the props in the curly braces.

export default function Hero(children, hero ) {
    return (
        <header className={hero}>
            {children}
        </header>
    );
}

So if your code is similar to the above one then you will get this error. To resolve this just put curly braces around the props.

export default function Hero({ children, hero }) {
    return (
        <header className={hero}>
            {children}
        </header>
    );
}

Answer 15

I got the same error, I changed this

export default withAlert(Alerts)

to this

export default withAlert()(Alerts).

In older versions the former code was ok , but in later versions it throws an error. So use the later code to avoid the errror.

Answer 16

This was my code:

class App extends Component {
  constructor(props){
    super(props)
    this.state = {
      value: null,
      getDatacall : null
    }
    this.getData = this.getData.bind(this)
  }
  getData() {
  //   if (this.state.getDatacall === false) {
    sleep(4000)
    returnData("what is the time").then(value => this.setState({value, getDatacall:true}))
    // }
  }
  componentDidMount() {
    sleep(4000)

    this.getData()
  }
  render() {
    this.getData()
    sleep(4000)
    console.log(this.state.value)
    return (
      <p> { this.state.value } </p>
    )
  }
}

and I was running into this error. I had to change it to

 render() {
    this.getData()
    sleep(4000)
    console.log(this.state.value)
    return (
      <p> { JSON.stringify(this.state.value) } </p>
    )
  }

Hope this helps someone!

Answer 17

If for some reason you imported firebase. Then try running npm i --save firebase@5.0.3. This is because firebase break react-native, so running this will fix it.

Answer 18

Just remove the async keyword in the component.

const Register = () => {

No issues after this.

Answer 19

In my case, I added a async to my child function component and encountered this error. Don't use async with child component.

Answer 20

I got this error any time I was calling async on a renderItem function in my FlatList.

I had to create a new function to set my Firestore collection to my state before calling said state data inside my FlatList.

Answer 21

My case is quite common when using reduce but it was not shared here so I posted it.

Normally, if your array looks like this:

[{ value: 1}, {value: 2}]

And you want to render the sum of value in this array. JSX code looks like this

<div>{array.reduce((acc, curr) => acc.value + curr.value)}</div>

The problem happens when your array has only one item, eg: [{value: 1}]. (Typically, this happens when your array is the response from server so you can not guarantee numbers of items in that array)

The reduce function returns the element itself when array has only one element, in this case it is {value: 1} (an object), it causes the Invariant Violation: Objects are not valid as a React child error.

Answer 22

You were just using the keys of object, instead of the whole object!

More details can be found here: https://github.com/gildata/RAIO/issues/48

import React, { Component } from 'react';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';

class SCT extends Component {
    constructor(props, context) {
        super(props, context);
        this.state = {
            data: this.props.data,
            new_data: {}
        };
    }
    componentDidMount() {
        let new_data = this.state.data;
        console.log(`new_data`, new_data);
        this.setState(
            {
                new_data: Object.assign({}, new_data)
            }
        )
    }
    render() {
        return (
            <div>
                this.state.data = {JSON.stringify(this.state.data)}
                <hr/>
                <div style={{color: 'red'}}>
                    {this.state.new_data.name}<br />
                    {this.state.new_data.description}<br />
                    {this.state.new_data.dependtables}<br />
                </div>
            </div>
        );
    }
}

SCT.propTypes = {
    test: PropTypes.string,
    data: PropTypes.object.isRequired
};

export {SCT};
export default SCT;

<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react/15.1.0/react.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react/15.1.0/react-dom.min.js"></script>

Answer 23

If you are using Firebase and seeing this error, it's worth to check if you're importing it right. As of version 5.0.4 you have to import it like this:

import firebase from '@firebase/app'
import '@firebase/auth';
import '@firebase/database';
import '@firebase/storage';

Yes, I know. I lost 45 minutes on this, too.

Answer 24

This can happen when you try to render objects as child elements, you can find out the root cause by looking for below scenarios.

1. Check if you are using any double braces in JSX - <span>{{value}}</span> and change it to <span>{value}</span> (I did this mistake since I just moved from Angular to React).

2. Check of return statements wrapped around braces like below and remove it.

    render() {
      let element = (
       <span>text</span>
      );
   
      return (
       {element}  // => Remove this extra brace
      )
    }
   

3. Check any other unintentional way you are using object in the JSX

    let nestedObjected = {
       a : '1',
       b : {
          c: '2'
       }
    };
    {Object.keys(nestedObjected).map((key) => {
       return (
           <div>
              <span>{nestedObjected[key]}</span>  // This will cause issue since it will resolve to an object
           </div>
       );
     })}
   

Answer 25

I just put myself through a really silly version of this error, which I may as well share here for posterity.

I had some JSX like this:

...
{
  ...
  <Foo />
  ...
}
...

I needed to comment this out to debug something. I used the keyboard shortcut in my IDE, which resulted in this:

...
{
  ...
  { /* <Foo /> */ }
  ...
}
...

Which is, of course, invalid -- objects are not valid as react children!

Answer 26

I'd like to add another solution to this list.

Specs:

• "react": "^16.2.0",
• "react-dom": "^16.2.0",
• "react-redux": "^5.0.6",
• "react-scripts": "^1.0.17",
• "redux": "^3.7.2"

I encountered the same error:

Uncaught Error: Objects are not valid as a React child (found: object with keys {XXXXX}). If you meant to render a collection of children, use an array instead.

This was my code:

let payload = {
      guess: this.userInput.value
};

this.props.dispatch(checkAnswer(payload));

Solution:

  // let payload = {
  //   guess: this.userInput.value
  // };

this.props.dispatch(checkAnswer(this.userInput.value));

The problem was occurring because the payload was sending the item as an object. When I removed the payload variable and put the userInput value into the dispatch everything started working as expected.

Answer 27

If in case your using Firebase any of the files within your project. Then just place that import firebase statement at the end!!

I know this sounds crazy but try it!!

Answer 28

I have the same issue, in my case, I update the redux state, and new data parameters did not match old parameters, So when I want to access some parameters it through this Error,

Maybe this experience help someone

Answer 29

My issue was simple when i faced the following error:

objects are not valid as a react child (found object with keys {...}

was just that I was passing an object with keys specified in the error while trying to render the object directly in a component using {object} expecting it to be a string

object: {
    key1: "key1",
    key2: "key2"
}

while rendering on a React Component, I used something like below

render() {
    return this.props.object;
}

but it should have been

render() {
    return this.props.object.key1;
}

Answer 30

If using stateless components, follow this kind of format:

const Header = ({pageTitle}) => (
  <h1>{pageTitle}</h1>
);
export {Header};

This seemed to work for me

Answer 31

Something like this has just happened to me...

I wrote:

{response.isDisplayOptions &&
{element}
}

Placing it inside a div fixed it:

{response.isDisplayOptions &&
    <div>
        {element}
    </div>
}

Answer 32

Found: object with keys

Which means you passing something is a key-value. So you need to modify your handler:

from

onItemClick(e, item) {
   this.setState({
     lang: item,
   });
}

to

onItemClick({e, item}) {
  this.setState({
    lang: item,
  });
}

You missed out the braces ({}).

Answer 33

In my case it was because of a dynamic array which had to be injected at runtime.

I just added the null checks for object and it worked fine.

Before:

...
render(
...
    <div> {props.data.roles[0]} </div>
...
);

After:

...
let items = (props && props.data && props.data.roles)? props.data.roles: [];
render(
...
    <div> {items[i]} </div>
...
);

Answer 34

If you are printing Object/ Arrays in the console.log then also this error comes. Make sure you add JSON. stringify if you want to do console.log for objects/Arrays

Answer 35

I think this problem mostly happens because of forgetting curly braces, which leads that JavaScript doesn't realize all elements as an array. In my case, it was like this:

function DynamicRow(id, name, avatar, email, salary, date, status){

and the solution:

function DynamicRow({id, name, avatar, email, salary, date, status}){

Answer 36

In case of using Firebase, if it doesn't work by putting at the end of import statements then you can try to put that inside one of the life-cycle method, that is, you can put it inside componentWillMount().

componentWillMount() {
    const firebase = require('firebase');
    firebase.initializeApp({
        //Credentials
    });
}

Answer 37

Invariant Violation: Objects are not valid as a React child happened to me when using a component that needed a renderItem props, like:

renderItem={this.renderItem}

and my mistake was to make my renderItem method async.

Answer 38

My error was because of writing it this way:

props.allinfo.map((stuff, i)=>{
  return (<p key={i}> I am {stuff} </p>)
})

instead of:

props.allinfo.map((stuff, i)=>{
  return (<p key={i}> I am {stuff.name} </p>)
})

It meant I was trying to render object instead of the value within it.

edit: this is for react not native.

Answer 39

My issue was very particular: in my .env file, I put a comment in the line that had my api url:

API_URL=https://6ec1259f.ngrok.io #comment

I'd get the Invariant violation error when trying to log in/sign up, as the api url was wrong.

Answer 40

try{
    throw new Error(<p>An error occured</p>)
}catch(e){
    return (e)
}

The above code produced the error, I then rewrote it like this:

try{
    throw(<p>An error occured</p>)
}catch(e){
    return (e)
}

Take note of the removal of new Error() in the try block...

A better way to write the code in order to avoid this error message Expected an object to be thrown no-throw-literal is to pass a string into throw new Error() instead of JSX and return JSX in your catch block, something like this:

try{
    throw new Error("An error occurred")
}catch(e){
    return (
        <p>{e.message}</p>
    )
}

Answer 41

1. What's happening is the onClick function you are trying to implement gets executed immediately.

2. As our code is not HTML it is javascript so it is interpreted as a function execution.

3. onClick function takes a function as argument not an function execution.

const items = ['EN', 'IT', 'FR', 'GR', 'RU'].map((item) => { return (<li onClick={(e) => onItemClick(e, item)} key={item}>{item}</li>); });

this will define an onClick function on List Item that will get executed after clicking on it not as soon as our component renders.

Answer 42

Obviously, as others have mentioned previously in this thread, in React JSX props.children cannot be of type Object. This is NOT the root cause for the issue in your specific question.

If you carefully read the error text, you will see that React has produced the error while trying to render an Object that matches the signature of a SyntheticEvent:

Uncaught Error: Invariant Violation: Objects are not valid as a React child (found: object with keys {dispatchConfig, dispatchMarker, nativeEvent, target, currentTarget, type, eventPhase, bubbles, cancelable, timeStamp, defaultPrevented, isTrusted, view, detail, screenX, screenY, clientX, clientY, ctrlKey, shiftKey, altKey, metaKey, getModifierState, button, buttons, relatedTarget, pageX, pageY, isDefaultPrevented, isPropagationStopped, _dispatchListeners, _dispatchIDs}). If you meant to render a collection of children, use an array instead or wrap the object using createFragment(object) from the React add-ons. Check the render method of Welcome.

However, one wonders why you are trying to render a SyntheticEvent, and this is where the real answer to your question resides. You obviously have no intention of rendering a SyntheticEvent, but you've got your event handler parameters out of order.

In your render method, you are binding the onItemClick event handler to the this of your class component and passing in item as an argument:

render() {
    const items = ['EN', 'IT', 'FR', 'GR', 'RU'].map((item) => {
      return (<li onClick={this.onItemClick.bind(this, item)} key={item}>{item}</li>);
    });
// ...

According to the documentation for Function.prototype.bind, all arguments passed after the thisArg are prepended to any arguments subsequently passed when the target function is later invoked:

arg1, arg2, ...

Arguments to prepend to arguments provided to the bound function when invoking the target function.

If we then look at the event handler, we see that the parameter e is listed before the parameter item.

onItemClick(e, item) {
    this.setState({
      lang: item,
    });
}

When onItemClick(e, item) is invoked, the item passed in during the bind invocation will precede the triggering event, so parameter e will be set to the mapped and bound item, and parameter item will be set to the event.

When setState is called, lang will be set to the SyntheticEvent representing the triggering onClick event, and when you try to render the value in this.state.lang elsewhere, you will receive the Invariant Violation error you've seen.

Answer 43

Just create a valid JSX element. In my case I assigned a component to an object.

const AwesomeButtonComponent = () => <button>AwesomeButton</button>
const next = {
  link: "http://awesomeLink.com",
  text: "Awesome text",
  comp: AwesomeButtonComponent
}

Somewhere else in my Code I wanted to dynamically assign that button.

return (
  <div>
    {next.comp ? next.comp : <DefaultAwesomeButtonComp/>}
  </div>
)

I solve this by declaring a JSX comp which I initialized via the props comp.

const AwesomeBtnFromProps = next.comp
return (
  <div>
    {next.comp ? <AwesomeBtnFromProps/> : <DefaultAwesomeButtonComp/>}
  </div>
)

Answer 44

I got this error rendering something in a ternary operator. What I did:

render(){
  const bar = <div>asdfasdf</div>
  return ({this.state.foo ? {bar} : <div>blahblah</div>})
}

Turns out it should be bar without the brackets, like:

render(){
  const bar = <div>asdfasdf</div>
  return ({this.state.foo ? bar : <div>blahblah</div>})
}

Answer 45

For those who mentioned Stringify() and toString() as solution, I will say that worked for me but we have to understand the problem and why did it occur. In my code it was simple issue. I had 2 buttons which call same function but one button was not passing the argument to that function properly.

Answer 46

Try this

 {items && items.title ? items.title : 'No item'}

Answer 47

Due to the error, react considered you are trying to display the object of 'li', but you really don't.

You used 'bind' method in the wrong place. When you use bind in the 'li', 'this' will be considered the object of 'li'. Since object has an extra keyword(onItemClick), henceforth it's not a react tag, and it's a js object with the properties those react li tag, has.

If you use the 'bind' method in constructor of Component there will be no problem. But in your usecase this is impossible. So the "(e) => onItemClick(e, item)" is the best try.

Ignore my bad English.

Answer 48

the problem is that when you render the li you are passing not passing the function to the component you are calling it so it will call it once the li is rendered for that you need to pass the reference to the function not calling it to do that you ether write it like this if there was no argument to pass

onClick={this.onItemClick.bind}

or like this if there were arguments to pass

onClick={()=>this.onItemClick.bind(this, item)}

in this case it will create an anonymous function an pass it's reference

Answer 49

Well, I spent half day trying to solve this

I wanted to show an array depending on if a user was logged in

this is what my code looked like return ({ userLogged ? userLoggedCart : cartItems } .map((item)=>{ return //irrelevant code})) but this was wrong, if your code looks like this you got to change it to

if (userLogged){ return ( userLoggedCart.map((item)=>{ return //your code }))} else { cartItems.map((item)=>{ return // your code })}

Answer 50

As I experienced same, besides adding "__html" to mark it, I resolved by putting marked HTML into a span with attribute "dangerouslySetInnerHTML" like below:

  createMarkup(innerHtml){
    return {__html: innerHtml};
  }

  render = () => {
    return (
      <span dangerouslySetInnerHTML={
      this.createMarkup(this.props.details.entryContent)}/>
    );
  }

Answer 51

If you have placed 'async' in front of a functional component (either a wrapper for a jest & react-testing-library test or just a plain old functional component) like this:

const MockComponent = async () => {
  <Provider>
    <ComponentImGoingToTest />
  </Provider>
}

And you're expecting to be able to render it like this:

<MockComponent />

then two things:

1. You don't understand the implications of what async does.
2. Because of that keyword, calling your wrapper function will invoke a promise (which is an object), instead of the expected React functions that JSX boils down to.

Answer 52

I got this "not valid as a React child" error because I passed an object as a prop from a parent component, and then I tried to render a property of that object as a string, when it was actually a Date. Rendering that as a string instead removed this error.

Answer 53

Thanks to a comment by zerkms, I was able to notice my stupid mistake:

I had onItemClick(e, item) when I should have had onItemClick(item, e).