Khan Academy's API Explorer has an exercises section that mentions filtering by tags, but the url with math tag applied returns nothing.
The generic exercise objects don't contain the topic they're in. My guess is that there's an id to join on somewhere in the topictree/exercises json objects, but I don't know an efficient way to find it.
Here are the raw exercises json and raw topictree json (note, the second one is huge, and contains many topics other than math).