I understand the OPs question. The data comes in like this:
+---------+---------------+------+
| Quarter | Customer Type | Score|
+---------+------------+---------+
| Q1 15 | Detractors | 25 |
| Q1 15 | Promoters | 32 |
| Q1 15 | Passives | 45 |
| Q1 15 | Detractors | 17 |
| Q1 15 | Detractors | 28 |
| ... | ... | ... |
+---------+------------+---------+
And when brought into Tableau, the [Customer Type] field is put in the Column shelf and this arranges the data like the table below. The OP wants to calculate the [NPS] column (Promoters - Detractors).
+---------+------------+----------+-----------+--------------+
| Quarter | Detractors | Passives | Promoters | NPS |
+---------+------------+----------+-----------+--------------+
| Q1 15 | 40.56 | 23.56 | 35.79 | =35.79-40.56 |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
+---------+------------+----------+-----------+--------------+
I hope this clarifies. I am stuck with a similar situation (I want a column that shows the difference between 2015 and 2016):
+---------+-------+-------+------------+
| Measure | 2015 | 2016 | Difference |
+---------+---------------+------------+
| # Hires | 100 | 115 | 15 |
| # Terms | 9 | 6 | 3 |
+---------+---------------+------------+
I believe the steps are similar. I hope someone can help.