It can be done in basic MATLAB also: you just need to compose the anonymous functions of the polynomials with the transformation function. Before writing the solution, I want to point out that your posting is inconsistent: you talk about cell arrays of function handles, but you use matrix notation for your definitions.
The code:
%// The original polynomials
P = {@(x) 1, @(x) x, @(x) 1/2*(3*x^2-1)};
%// The transformation function
x = @(t)2/3*t-1;
%// The composition
Q = cellfun(@(f) @(t)f(x(t)), P, 'UniformOutput', false );
The result is going to be a cell array of functions that will do the stuff:
x == 1 --> t == 3
P{2}(1) --> 1
Q{2}(3) --> 1