You can use the EICAR virus test string to understand how Drive behaves with viruses. Here's a globally shared file named eicar.exe which is nothing more than a harmless string but which Google Drive's scan on download will detect as a virus.
You'll notice that:
- Attempts to download my file with files.get(alt=media) will fail with "403: Only the owner can download abusive files."
- Attempts to files.copy() my file into your own Drive will succeed. (This is a nice workaround when the file is not accessible with files.get() for various reasons).
- Attempts to files.get(alt=media, acknowledgeAbuse=true) YOUR copy of the file should succeed.
So to answer your original question, you should be able to follow a files.insert() with a files.get(acknowledgeAbuse=false) to determine if Drive thinks your new file is a Virus (watch for the 403 abuse response).
Be aware that like all Antivirus services, Google is constantly updating it's virus definitions so a file that was not detected as a virus (false negative) may be detected as a virus at a later time and a file that was wrongly detected as a virus (false positive) may no longer be detected as a virus in the future.