Whilst you are right that org.osgi.compendium-5.0.0.jar contains the LogService class, that does not mean it also provides the service. In fact, that bundle only provides the APIs for all compendium services, but no implementations.
You need to deploy an implementation of LogService to get a service, for example the Apache Felix Log (that can be downloaded here: http://felix.apache.org/downloads.cgi).
That explains why you're getting null when querying the service.
If you want to query all services in the framework, you can invoke the getAllServiceReferences(null, null) method on the BundleContext. That will give you a full list of services. Take care though, without also importing all the relevant API packages, you won't be able to easily use the services (as you cannot cast the reference to the appropriate API class/interface).
As a piece of general advise, I would recommend not to directly interact with the BundleContext to lookup services though. It works in simple cases, and it's good to know how things work under the covers, but in any reasonably sized application, you will want to use some higher level (declarative) API to deal with services and dependencies. I'm biased, as I wrote on of those, so I obviously recommend the Apache Felix Dependency Manager, but there are lots of alternatives, such as Declarative Services, iPOJO and Blueprint. The good news is that you do not have to pick one, they all interoperate nicely.