In my knowledge, there is no straight forward way to achieve this but there is one trick to handle this.
AEM DAM has the notion of meta schema editors. These editors are tied to asset file type, meaning - jpeg, mov, etc. For an asset MIME type, you can define the meta data and its associated form.
AEM 6.0 provides choral UI interface to achieve this --
http://localhost:4502/libs/dam/gui/content/metadataschemaeditor/schemalist.html/dam/content/schemaeditors/forms
Am not aware of any such interface in AEM 5.6.1. The nodes tied to this are at /libs/dam/content/asseteditors/image/jpeg/formitems
. You could overlay them at /apps
to add the required metadata.
Coming to the question, the trick is to add the file type into your dam content hierarchy. Example - /content/dam/jpeg/foo, /content/dam/png/foo, etc. This way, you would get different metadata for different folders of the dam.
Adobe recommends this approach as AEM 6.0 introduced the concept of processing profiles which you could attach to folders. This way, your different file types could get different treatments.