If I understand correctly, basically you want to create pre-defined images and then pick one of them to display when you create an article. Correct?
Well, the easiest way would be to utilize what WCM already gives you: create an Image Component. You will be able to upload the image and also provide a description, but you won't be able to set keywords or metadata. The workaround for this would be to set the keywords/metadata as part of the article. If that is okay, this would probably be the best way to do it.
By doing that, all you would have to do is select the relevant Image Component from your Image Element in AT-Article.
If you really need the images to be their own content items (rather than components) so that they have their own keywords and other information, then the next "easiest" way is probably to use an HTML Element inside AT-Article. In this HTML Element you will have to use the "Insert Tag" option, and then choose an Element Tag and use "Selected" rather than "autofill" or "current" to navigate to the content item that you want (the one with the image).
The code will look like this:
[Element name="[path]" type="content" context="selected" key="[element]"]
Where [path] is the path to the content item and [element] is the element that you actually want to pull from that content item (such as image, description, keywords, etc.)
context="selected" is the key there. Then you just need to set up your Presentation Template to be able to use this information that you are pulling in from the HTML Element.