The GitWeb and Google Code Search repositories for Android have been retired since this question was originally answered. Fortunately, the SDK Manager finally allows you to download the source code for Android 4.0 and later along with all of the APIs and tools.
If you need access to pre-Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0) Android source code and don't want to use Google's non-Windows download instructions, you can search GrepCode for what you need online. (Look for "android" and the name of the class or method you want, and then pick the version of the code you want.)
GrepCode works, but I have seen it crash IE a bunch of times. An alternative would be to download the Android Sources plugin for Eclipse, which gives you all of the source code for versions of Android up to 4.0.1.
Once you have the source code, you can attach the source directory you are using to your .jar in Eclipse, as follows:
Right-click the project > Properties > Java Build Path > Libraries tab > select the + beside the .jar you want to attach source code to > click on Source Attachment to edit the path to where the source files reside.