How to perform update operations on columns of type JSONB in Postgres 9.4

Question

Looking through the documentation for the Postgres 9.4 datatype JSONB, it is not immediately obvious to me how to do updates on JSONB columns.

Documentation for JSONB types and functions:

http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/static/functions-json.html http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/static/datatype-json.html

As an examples, I have this basic table structure:

CREATE TABLE test(id serial, data jsonb);

Inserting is easy, as in:

INSERT INTO test(data) values ('{"name": "my-name", "tags": ["tag1", "tag2"]}');

Now, how would I update the 'data' column? This is invalid syntax:

UPDATE test SET data->'name' = 'my-other-name' WHERE id = 1;

Is this documented somewhere obvious that I missed? Thanks.

Answer 1

If you're able to upgrade to Postgresql 9.5, the jsonb_set command is available, as others have mentioned.

In each of the following SQL statements, I've omitted the where clause for brevity; obviously, you'd want to add that back.

Update name:

UPDATE test SET data = jsonb_set(data, '{name}', '"my-other-name"');

Replace the tags (as oppose to adding or removing tags):

UPDATE test SET data = jsonb_set(data, '{tags}', '["tag3", "tag4"]');

Replacing the second tag (0-indexed):

UPDATE test SET data = jsonb_set(data, '{tags,1}', '"tag5"');

Append a tag (this will work as long as there are fewer than 999 tags; changing argument 999 to 1000 or above generates an error. This no longer appears to be the case in Postgres 9.5.3; a much larger index can be used):

UPDATE test SET data = jsonb_set(data, '{tags,999999999}', '"tag6"', true);

Remove the last tag:

UPDATE test SET data = data #- '{tags,-1}'

Complex update (delete the last tag, insert a new tag, and change the name):

UPDATE test SET data = jsonb_set(
    jsonb_set(data #- '{tags,-1}', '{tags,999999999}', '"tag3"', true), 
    '{name}', '"my-other-name"');

It's important to note that in each of these examples, you're not actually updating a single field of the JSON data. Instead, you're creating a temporary, modified version of the data, and assigning that modified version back to the column. In practice, the result should be the same, but keeping this in mind should make complex updates, like the last example, more understandable.

In the complex example, there are three transformations and three temporary versions: First, the last tag is removed. Then, that version is transformed by adding a new tag. Next, the second version is transformed by changing the name field. The value in the data column is replaced with the final version.

Answer 2

Ideally, you don't use JSON documents for structured, regular data that you want to manipulate inside a relational database. Use a normalized relational design instead.

JSON is primarily intended to store whole documents that do not need to be manipulated inside the RDBMS. Related:

• JSONB with indexing vs. hstore

Updating a row in Postgres always writes a new version of the whole row. That's the basic principle of Postgres' MVCC model. From a performance perspective, it hardly matters whether you change a single piece of data inside a JSON object or all of it: a new version of the row has to be written.

Thus the advice in the manual:

JSON data is subject to the same concurrency-control considerations as any other data type when stored in a table. Although storing large documents is practicable, keep in mind that any update acquires a row-level lock on the whole row. Consider limiting JSON documents to a manageable size in order to decrease lock contention among updating transactions. Ideally, JSON documents should each represent an atomic datum that business rules dictate cannot reasonably be further subdivided into smaller datums that could be modified independently.

The gist of it: to modify anything inside a JSON object, you have to assign a modified object to the column. Postgres supplies limited means to build and manipulate json data in addition to its storage capabilities. The arsenal of tools has grown substantially with every new release since version 9.2. But the principal remains: You always have to assign a complete modified object to the column and Postgres always writes a new row version for any update.

Some techniques how to work with the tools of Postgres 9.3 or later:

• How do I modify fields inside the new PostgreSQL JSON datatype?

This answer has attracted about as many downvotes as all my other answers on SO together. People don't seem to like the idea: a normalized design is superior for regular data. This excellent blog post by Craig Ringer explains in more detail:

• "PostgreSQL anti-patterns: Unnecessary json/hstore dynamic columns"

Another blog post by Laurenz Albe, another official Postgres contributor like Craig and myself:

• JSON in PostgreSQL: how to use it right

Answer 3

This is coming in 9.5 in the form of jsonb_set by Andrew Dunstan based on an existing extension jsonbx that does work with 9.4

Answer 4

For those that run into this issue and want a very quick fix (and are stuck on 9.4.5 or earlier), here is a potential solution:

Creation of test table

CREATE TABLE test(id serial, data jsonb);
INSERT INTO test(data) values ('{"name": "my-name", "tags": ["tag1", "tag2"]}');

Update statement to change jsonb value

UPDATE test 
SET data = replace(data::TEXT,': "my-name"',': "my-other-name"')::jsonb 
WHERE id = 1;

Ultimately, the accepted answer is correct in that you cannot modify an individual piece of a jsonb object (in 9.4.5 or earlier); however, you can cast the jsonb column to a string (::TEXT) and then manipulate the string and cast back to the jsonb form (::jsonb).

There are two important caveats

1. this will replace all values equaling "my-name" in the json (in the case you have multiple objects with the same value)
2. this is not as efficient as jsonb_set would be if you are using 9.5

Answer 5

update the 'name' attribute:

UPDATE test SET data=data||'{"name":"my-other-name"}' WHERE id = 1;

and if you wanted to remove for example the 'name' and 'tags' attributes:

UPDATE test SET data=data-'{"name","tags"}'::text[] WHERE id = 1;

Answer 6

This question was asked in the context of postgres 9.4, however new viewers coming to this question should be aware that in postgres 9.5, sub-document Create/Update/Delete operations on JSONB fields are natively supported by the database, without the need for extension functions.

See: JSONB modifying operators and functions

Answer 7

I wrote small function for myself that works recursively in Postgres 9.4. I had same problem (good they did solve some of this headache in Postgres 9.5). Anyway here is the function (I hope it works well for you):

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION jsonb_update(val1 JSONB,val2 JSONB)
RETURNS JSONB AS $$
DECLARE
    result JSONB;
    v RECORD;
BEGIN
    IF jsonb_typeof(val2) = 'null'
    THEN 
        RETURN val1;
    END IF;

    result = val1;

    FOR v IN SELECT key, value FROM jsonb_each(val2) LOOP

        IF jsonb_typeof(val2->v.key) = 'object'
            THEN
                result = result || jsonb_build_object(v.key, jsonb_update(val1->v.key, val2->v.key));
            ELSE
                result = result || jsonb_build_object(v.key, v.value);
        END IF;
    END LOOP;

    RETURN result;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

Here is sample use:

select jsonb_update('{"a":{"b":{"c":{"d":5,"dd":6},"cc":1}},"aaa":5}'::jsonb, '{"a":{"b":{"c":{"d":15}}},"aa":9}'::jsonb);
                            jsonb_update                             
---------------------------------------------------------------------
 {"a": {"b": {"c": {"d": 15, "dd": 6}, "cc": 1}}, "aa": 9, "aaa": 5}
(1 row)

As you can see it analyze deep down and update/add values where needed.

Answer 8

Maybe: UPDATE test SET data = '"my-other-name"'::json WHERE id = 1;

It worked with my case, where data is a json type

Answer 9

Matheus de Oliveira created handy functions for JSON CRUD operations in postgresql. They can be imported using the \i directive. Notice the jsonb fork of the functions if jsonb if your data type.

9.3 json https://gist.github.com/matheusoliveira/9488951

9.4 jsonb https://gist.github.com/inindev/2219dff96851928c2282

Answer 10

Updating the whole column worked for me:

UPDATE test SET data='{"name": "my-other-name", "tags": ["tag1", "tag2"]}' where id=1;

Answer 11

The top answer to this question is a bit dated.

Modern postgres has a much more elegant syntax:

UPDATE test SET data['name'] = 'my-other-name' where id = 1;

Current docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-json.html#JSON-KEYS-ELEMENTS