You can use the MOP function SPECIALIZER-DIRECT-GENERIC-FUNCTIONS to find all the generic functions that contain a method that specializes specifically on a class, which is close to what you are asking for in Ruby. You can actually find all the generic functions that specialize on a class or any of its superclasses with (for SBCL; for other implementations check out closer-mop or the implementation's mop package):
(defun find-all-gfs (class-name)
(remove-duplicates
(mapcan (lambda (class)
(copy-list (sb-mop:specializer-direct-generic-functions class)))
(sb-mop:compute-class-precedence-list (find-class class-name)))))
The problem with this function is that many built-in generic functions specialize on the universal supertype T, so in SBCL you get a list of 605 generic functions which might not be all that interesting. However, you can build some interesting tools with this general approach e.g., by filtering the list of superclasses or generic functions based on package.