A default WordPress install should be lightning fast if it's on an even remotely decent server. Try removing the database, recreating it, and reinstalling. Or, use phpMyAdmin to repair and optimize your tables. If this is not an option, try some janitoral DB queries like:
DELETE FROM `user_meta` um LEFT JOIN `users` u ON (um.user_id = u.ID) WHERE u.ID IS NULL
Same concept with posts & post meta, just different primary keys.
Also, if your server is not setup properly for caching, i.e. XCache or memcache not installed, properly configured, or loaded, and you're not running an uber high-traffic site, you probably don't even really need to use caching at all. If it ain't broke, don't fix it.
Or, if you have existing data that you cannot afford to lose, use WP Migrate DB to back up your existing install exporting to SQL file, follow steps above in regards to removing the original database, then import the database anew from phpMyAdmin after recreating.