It's often called "Symbol to Proc". It was originally a hack in Rails, then was incorporated and optimized, in Ruby.
You won't find a similar thing in other languages, unless they also implement Ruby's Symbol type. Symbols aren't the same as constants, but if you imagine a constant that points to a function, maybe a closure in other languages, then you'd be close to its behavior.
"What does map(&:name) mean in Ruby?" is a good discussion about it, along with an example of how it's implemented. Also check out the related posts on the righthand side of that page.
Also, there's "What do you call the &: operator in Ruby?".