You could pretty easily use a t-sql function or query that gives you the information you're after. Try wrapping the following with whatever predicates you want (e.g. WHERE PK.TABLE_NAME = 'My Table' AND C.DELETE_RULE = 'CASCADE'. If a record a exists, then you've got the information you need.
SELECT
FK_TableName = FK.TABLE_SCHEMA + '.' + FK.TABLE_NAME,
FK_ColumnName = CU.COLUMN_NAME,
PK_TableName = PK.TABLE_SCHEMA + '.' + PK.TABLE_NAME,
PK_ColumnName = PT.COLUMN_NAME,
ConstraintName = C.CONSTRAINT_NAME,
DeleteRule = C.DELETE_RULE
FROM
INFORMATION_SCHEMA.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS C
INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS FK
ON C.CONSTRAINT_NAME = FK.CONSTRAINT_NAME
INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS PK
ON C.UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME = PK.CONSTRAINT_NAME
INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE CU
ON C.CONSTRAINT_NAME = CU.CONSTRAINT_NAME
INNER JOIN (
SELECT
i1.TABLE_NAME,
i2.COLUMN_NAME
FROM
INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS i1
INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE i2
ON i1.CONSTRAINT_NAME = i2.CONSTRAINT_NAME
WHERE
i1.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'PRIMARY KEY'
) PT ON PT.TABLE_NAME = PK.TABLE_NAME;
You could then wrap that into a DbSet extension and call it like context.Set<MyEntity>().UsesCascadeDelete()
which fires the above query with your predicates and whatever else you want.
Because EF can run TSQL queries very easily I would still consider them a 'part' of EF.