You'll only get notified of a change in the ChannelUri when you have the listener attached and the app running.
The best approach is to always check for the current Uri and pass it to the server when the app starts. You could leave the listener attached for the lifetime of your app and get a new one if it's lost while the app is running but in reality it's far more likely that the channel will be dropped/disconnected when the phone isn't in use.
There is, of course, the scenario where a channelUri may expire when the app isn't in use but the utility of the app is primarily around sending notifications. Obviously you need the user to restart the app to get a new connection but you can't tell them to restart the app.
This is a generic problem: how do you tell someone that you can't talk to them?
The reality of this situation is that if you really need to tell someone to launch the app again you'll need another way to do it.
Unfortunately, it's not possible to get an updated channelUri from a background agent, but you could query your backend to see if you need one and then raise a toast to the user to prompt them to reopen the app. Or you could just update the tile from the agent when this happens.
Alternatively you'll need to send them the prompt in another way (e.g. email or SMS?) but this is reliant on you capturing and securely storing these details.
There is no perfect solution to this scenario other than creating an app that the user opens regularly regardless of whether there are notifications or not and simply having the notifications as an extra feature.