The Linux kernel does not save FPU or vector registers by default to improve the speed of context switches. However, you can make use of them under certain circumstances.
Section 6.3 of http://agner.org/optimize/calling_conventions.pdf describes very well the use of vector registers in kernel mode, both in Windows and in Linux. Here's one important quote:
A device driver that needs to use vector registers must first save
these registers by calling the function kernel_fpu_begin() and restore
the registers by calling kernel_fpu_end() before returning or
sleeping.
There's more, like the fact that you can't use them at all in interrupt context, so I suggest reading the entire section.