When using the "padding" option, you have to specify which is the size of the output image and where you want to put the input image
[0:0]pad=iw*2:ih:0:0
tested under windows 7 with file of same size
ffmpeg -i out.avi -i out.avi -filter_complex "[0:0]pad=iw*2:ih:0:0[a];[a][1:0]overlay=w" -shortest output.mp4
and with WebCam Cap (vfwcap) and a still picture (as i have only o=1 WebCam). BTW you can see how to scale one the source to fit in the target (just in case your source have different resolution)
ffmpeg -y -f vfwcap -r 10 -i 0 -loop 1 -i photo.jpg -filter_complex "[0:0]pad=iw*2:ih:0:0[a];[1:0]scale=640:480[b];[a][b]overlay=w" -shortest output.mp4
under Linux:
ffmpeg -i /dev/video1 -i /dev/video0 -filter_complex "[0:0]pad=iw*2:ih:0:0[[a];a][1:0]overlay=w" -shortest output.mp4
if it doesn't work test a simple record of video 1 and after of video 0 and check their properties (type, resolution, fps).
ffmpeg -i /dev/video1 -shortest output1.mp4
ffmpeg -I output1.mp4
If you still have issue, update your question with ffmpeg console output (as text) for video and video 0 capture and also of the call with the overlay