Not an answer, just a comment that this is obviously a "feature" and isn't going
to get fixed.
I've just started porting a C++/Qt project that has been developed under linux with GCC and Clang, and Windows 7 with MinGW GCC, to Windows 10 with MSVC. If my test code is run as individual programs it reports "All tests passed" (or not), to the console, (std::cout) which in this case is the Qt Creator Application Output window. It has been working on all systems, with all compilers, in both debug and release mode, for years. It now doesn't write to the Application output window when run via the debugger, only if run as if it was the release version.
On discovering this (2021-04-16), I Googled for the solution, and landed here.