Basically, you'll need to perform 2 tasks:
Make a hook to watch all new pages open.
Here are some examples on how to do that. But it will require adding a script to all browser xul windows. That's simple: simply add your window script to an empty XUL overlay and add it to addon manifest.
After getting the access to the page DOM you can actually
Insert style sheet to the page.
To achieve this you make a stylesheet container like this:
// This may also be a data: or chrome: URL
var stylesheetURL = "http://example.com/style.css";
var container = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml","style");
container.setAttribute("id", "your-extension-stylesheets");
// You should remove this when deactivating extension
document.documentElement.appendChild(container);
var stylesheet = conteiner.sheet;
var addedIndex = stylesheet.insertRule("@import url('" + stylesheetURL + "');", stylesheet.cssRules.length);
// Use stylesheet.deleteRule(addedIndex) when is's no longer needed