Is there a way to help the gps provider?
NickT has answered this, but the android phone has to call the AGPS. In your app you cannot controll that.
I think that google maps made some kind of optimisation, because their
app finds my location faster than my basic app, that only register to
the gps provider.
This should not be the case, probaly you are doing something wrong, or the google app can enable assisted GPS. Try to compare with other android GPS apps (e.g compare with Motion-X-GPS)
it could take up to 10 min until the first onLocationChanged call.
Normally this is far too long, either your phone is known to have a weak GPS quality, or the device did not have free view to open sky. Even without assisted GPS, after 45 seconds, you should have a valid GPS position (asuming free view to open sky).
But this situation can happen, either the first time you use GPS on your device, or when you fly by airplane to a location far away to your last GPS position.
On my iphone i rarly saw such a situation when another GPS app was somehow disturbing, after a reboot of the device the GPS was immedeatly valid.
Again check if it is the fault of your app, by comparing if other apps needs 10 minutes too. (It could be your fault, when you wait to recieve an accuracy <30m while other apps would take the first valid position they get.
If google needs 10 minutes, too, then you could do nothing on that phone, except to expose it to good view to sky.
(Inside an urban canyon it's more difficult to obtain a valid first fix, then on an big place.
)