You can define short names on OIDs inside an oid_section like so myOid = 1.2.3.4
To define what form you want the defined OID to take you can add definitions at the top level of the openssl.cnf file (not inside any block). These definitions use the mini-ASN.1 compiler that was added in OpenSSL 0.9.8.
1.2.3.4=critical,ASN1:UTF8String:Some random data
You can also look at the syntax of the mini-ASN.1 compiler or the OpenSSL docs on generating arbitrary extensions.
I'm not familiar with a way to prevent OpenSSL from allowing defined OIDs to be used anywhere, but remember that the OIDs you define in your openssl.cnf will appear as raw OIDs to any relying party that parses these certificates without the benefit of your definitions.
For example, if you define 1.3.6.1.4.1.808808080.1 as "myOid". When parsing a certificate with that in the subject DN on the system you've configured it will appear as /CN=something/O=something else/myOid=myValue
while on other systems it will appear as /CN=something/O=something else/1.3.6.1.4.1.808808080.1=myValue
.