I'm currently trying to apply a more functional programming style to a project involving low-level (LWJGL-based) GUI development. Obviously, in such a case it is necessary to carry around a lot of state, which is mutable in the current version. My goal is to eventually have a completely immutable state, in order to avoid state changes as side effect. I studied scalaz's lenses and state monads for awhile, but my main concern remains: All these techniques rely on copy-on-write. Since my state has both a large number of fields and also some fields of considerable size, I'm worried about performance.
To my knowledge the most common approach to modify immutable objects is to use the generated copy method of a case class (this is also what lenses do under the hood). My first question is, how this copy method is actually implemented? I performed a few experiments with a class like:
case class State(
innocentField: Int,
largeMap: Map[Int, Int],
largeArray: Array[Int]
)
By benchmarking and also by looking at the output of -Xprof it looks like updating someState.copy(innocentField = 42) actually performs a deep copy and I observe a significant performance drop when I increase the size of largeMap and largeArray. I was somehow expecting that the newly constructed instance shares the object references of the original state, since internally the reference should just get passed to the constructor. Can I somehow force or disable this deep copy behaviour of the default copy?
While pondering on the copy-on-write issue, I was wondering whether there are more general solutions to this problem in FP, which store changes of immutable data in a kind of incremental way (in the sense of "collecting updates" or "gathering changes"). To my surprise I could not find anything, so I tried the following:
// example state with just two fields
trait State {
def getName: String
def getX: Int
def setName(updated: String): State = new CachedState(this) {
override def getName: String = updated
}
def setX(updated: Int): State = new CachedState(this) {
override def getX: Int = updated
}
// convenient modifiers
def modName(f: String => String) = setName(f(getName))
def modX(f: Int => Int) = setX(f(getX))
def build(): State = new BasicState(getName, getX)
}
// actual (full) implementation of State
class BasicState(
val getName: String,
val getX: Int
) extends State
// CachedState delegates all getters to another state
class CachedState(oldState: State) extends State {
def getName = oldState.getName
def getX = oldState.getX
}
Now this allows to do something like this:
var s: State = new BasicState("hello", 42)
// updating single fields does not copy
s = s.setName("world")
s = s.setX(0)
// after a certain number of "wrappings"
// we can extract (i.e. copy) a normal instance
val ns = s.setName("ok").setX(40).modX(_ + 2).build()
My question now is: What do you think of this design? Is this some kind of FP design pattern that I'm not aware of (apart from the similarity to the Builder pattern)? Since I have not found anything similar, I'm wondering if there is some major issue with this approach? Or are there any more standard ways to solve the copy-on-write bottleneck without giving up immutability?
Is there even a possibility to unify the get/set/mod functions in some way?
Edit:
My assumption that copy performs a deep copy was indeed wrong.
