As long as your query doesn't cause blocking then I would say you could even poll 3 times a second without significant issue provided your database isn't under heavy CPU pressure already. And frankly, even if it was, I suspect this probably wouldn't cause much more noticeable difference.
On blocking, you have to ask if there are a lot of updates to the table you're polling because readers block writers (by default in SQL Server, unless you change your isolation level). If so, your query better be tuned with proper indexes so it's not doing anything crazy like locking the whole table while it scans it. It's unlikely you would be doing this, but it would certainly be easy to accomplish in certain scenarios so it's worth mentioning.
I'm going to make a pretty reasonable assumption that your polling query isn't going to constantly incur copious reads from the hard disk (which would obviously be terrible). I think we can also assume your query won't be parallelized (i.e. will run on a single thread).
So with that in mind, measure how long your query takes to run. If it takes, say, 10 milliseconds to run then at 3 times a second it would prevent some other queries from running for 30 milliseconds every second, right? But remember that this is just on one single core. You likely have a minimum of 2 cores if not more.
If you want to measure how long your query takes you can use SET STATISTICS TIME ON
in Management Studio (I will let the reader google this on his own for more details if necessary). This is better than looking at the Elapsed Time in the Properties window as that includes the time it takes SSMS to render the results.
So the worst thing that can happen is that it will prevent another query from using the CPU for a few milliseconds out of every second. I'm tempted to say "unless you're on an OLTP server that's being constantly hammered don't worry about it". But the truth is that that's not even really accurate. Consider it more like trying to lift weights and you're about to try for a new max of 225 pounds. Is it really going to make a difference if someone tosses a paperclip or a bottlecap on top? You wouldn't even know they did it.