Answering my own question.
First of all the correct question is not about validation of a certificate. It's about validation of meta information placed within a configuration profile (which in my case provides security guidelines for the device lock).
You have to create a custom CA and issue one certificate. The issued certificate has to be placed within your app, the custom CA's certificate goes into the configuration profile.
If the configuration profile is installed it is possible to check whether the certificate within the app binary was signed with the root certificate placed in the configuration profile.
It's not the most secure solution, but definitely a way to go.
--
This post put me into the right direction (Apple Developer Account required).