A lot. Here are just a few examples.
Every time you send a message, the actual message sending is done by a runtime function (this is in fact the most called runtime function in pretty much any objective C program).
NSObject
class and protocol are not part of the standard library but part of the runtime, therefore any method that ends up executing to the default NSObject
implementation is in fact executing runtime code.
Every time you execute a default property accessor (either read or write), that's part of the runtime.
If you use ARC, every time you access a weak reference (either for reading or writing it) that's a runtime function.
Objc runtime includes the C runtime, so anything that involves a C runtime function (for example passing a large structure by value or returning it) is in fact calling into the runtime.
and more.