Let us take your example and see how WE would solve it.
i shall change the use of 5x 7x 8x to the use of 5x 7y 8z because its already been decided that these MUST change to fit the requirements and therefore will not all be the same.
So currently you get a total answer of 10 by having
5 times 0.5 = 2.5
7 times 0.5 = 3.5
8 times 0.5 = 4
however, 5 times 0.5 is NOT greater than 3
therefore to make 5 times x atleast 3 we must increase the total by 0.5
as 3(the number you atleast want) - 2.5(the number you have) is 0.5
so the TOTAL must increase by 0.5.
as 5 times x must = 3 we can see that x must = 3 divided by 5 which gives us 0.6
now lets recalculate your sum
5 times 0.6 = 3
7 tiems 0.5 = 3.5
8 times 0.5 = 4
all together = 10.5...ah, balls.
ok so we can see that y or z must be made smaller to make sure that the answer is still exactly 10
so lets pick 8 times z = 4 (as 4 is the furthers from 3 and will give us the most lee way)
0.5 divided by 8 = 0.0625
so z must decrease by 0.0625 to counteract the 0.5 increase from 5 times x
so z now = 0.5 - 0.0625 which is 0.4375
lets redo your sum with these new numbers!
5 times 0.6 = 3
7 times 0.5 = 3.5
8 times 0.4375 = 3.5
3 plus 3.5 plus 3.5 = 10! we nailed it! yaaay
i hope this helped! if not well i enjoyed doing it anyway :D
To summarise, we had to increase x so that 5x was atleast 3, but the increase in x meant the answer was greater than 10, therefore either y or z had to decrease by whatver the total increasewas to counteract this, we do that increase divided by one of the other numbers, to figure out how much we need to subtract from z or y to make it = the perfect 10 again