In short: no, bonding does not work in this manner.
Long story: the linux bonding, with its various bonding scheme, is very configurable. It has no less than 7 different bonding types, each with its strong and weak points. I strongly suggest you to read the documentation you can found here. However, the take away is the (except for the round-robin
mode, which I detail below) no bonding scheme is capable of increase the throughput of a single session, rather they speedup multiple concurrent session. So your iperf
output is perfectly normal, as it open a single session which can not be accelerated by the bonding driver.
The only expcetion to this rule is the round-robin
mode, which transmits packet in a, well, round-robin fashion: the first one goes out from the first inteface, the second one from the second interface, and so on. This bonding mode can accelerate a single session by the virtue of concurrent sent packets. However it has many pitfalls, ranging from incompatible switches, out-of-order packet delivery (with relative retransmission), bad scaling over 2 interfaces, etc.
This is only a very concise summary. If you are interesting in how bonding works, you should really give a serious look at the documentation I provided above.