I just went through this same issue. The fastest possible solution would be to avoid downloading the entire source and uploading it again.
First step is to make note of the affected VM's OS disk name and the name of your VM.
Then create a recovery VM, it must be created inside the existing cloud service.
Once that has been completed, delete the firewalled VM but RETAIN THE DISKS!
When the VM has been deleted, about 5 minutes, you'll be able to attach the OS disk to the new recovery VM, log into the VM and you should see your drives.
Once you have access to your data, launch regedit, click HKLM, once and then file / load hive.
Open the registry files on the second drive, drive:\Windows\System32\Config\SYSTEM. . Then name it something like test.
You'll see the registry keys under "test". You can either search for the name of the firewall rule you've created that is damaged, or search the word firewall to locate the appropriate settings to change for your configuration.
Make the modifications required and unload the registry hive, test.
At this point you can detach the secondary OS drive and create a new VM from "MY IMAGES" in the gallery.
Select the OS drive and complete your configuration.
That should get you back up and running in under an hour.
You will get a new IP address after completing this process.