AFAIK, you are correct that the connection between PHP and MySQL is NOT encrypted and presents a security risk particularly if the web server and MySQL server are different servers.
In the past, I had a setup with one central MySQL server and several web servers using PHP and other languages to talk to the MySQL database. I secured it using SSH tunnels between the servers that remained active at all times. On the web server, I used all the same commands to talk to MySQL (PHP and the mysql command line client) and just specified a port of 3307 instead of the default 3306. Port 3307 was forwarded through an SSH tunnel to the MySQL server's port 3306.
This setup also included a backup MySQL server, which did MySQL replication between the two MySQL servers (different machines) using a SSH tunnel.
While I didn't do any extensive testing on this setup, it seemed to work well with no noticeable degradation in performance. On a few rare occasions, the SSH tunnel would drop and I would manually have to reconnect it, but this was very rare.
My documentation for setting up the SSH tunnels is on GitHub.