When a RDP sessions time out, what happens to the running processes? Are they gracefully shutdown, and if that fails then forcefully terminated?
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It depends on the settings on the Terminal Server. Specfically the Session settings for RDP connections. Provided you have appropriate permissions to access them, they can be accessed via
Administrative Tools > Terminal Services Configuration > Connections
You can configure it to end disconnected sessions immediately, or after a certain time, or never.
Have a read here http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc779468(WS.10).aspx
If the session is configured to end, the result will essentially be the same as logging out.

LukeR
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And when the session is to be terminated intimidate it operates about the same was as if you had used the logout function. – Zoredache Sep 23 '10 at 00:57
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-1 - The OP wanted to know what actually happens when the session is terminated due to those settings, not how to set the timeouts – Mark Henderson Sep 23 '10 at 00:57
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Since you have to specify what the action should be when time outs this seems correct to me – Jim B Sep 23 '10 at 01:47
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The processes keep running. Try running a ping -t 127.0.0.1, disconnect and then reconnect. You will see that the ping command is still running.
Not that it will make any difference, but if you want to simulate a time out, then disable your network card after you start the ping command.

jftuga
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1Disconnecting your network card simulates a disconnected session. It does not simulate a session that was terminated because of a session limit timeout. – Zoredache Sep 23 '10 at 00:55